现在主流的Web MVC框架除了Struts这个主力 外,其次就是Spring MVC了,因此这也是作为一名程序员需要掌握的主流框架,框架选择多了,应对多变的需求和业务时,可实行的方案自然就多了。不过要想灵活运用Spring MVC来应对大多数的Web开发,就必须要掌握它的配置及原理。
一、Spring MVC环境搭建:(Spring 2.5.6 + Hibernate 3.2.0)
1. jar包引入
Spring 2.5.6:spring.jar、spring-webmvc.jar、commons-logging.jar、cglib-nodep-2.1_3.jar
Hibernate 3.6.8:hibernate3.jar、hibernate-jpa-2.0-api-1.0.1.Final.jar、antlr- 2.7.6.jar、commons-collections-3.1、dom4j-1.6.1.jar、javassist- 3.12.0.GA.jar、jta-1.1.jar、slf4j-api-1.6.1.jar、slf4j-nop-1.6.4.jar、相应数据库的 驱动jar包
2. web.xml配置(部分)
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class="comments"><!-- Spring MVC配置 -->
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<!-- ====================================== -->
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<servlet>
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????<servlet-name>spring</servlet-name>
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????<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
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????<!-- 可以自定义servlet.xml配置文件的位置和名称,默认为WEB-INF目录下,名称为[<servlet-name>]-servlet.xml,如spring-servlet.xml
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????<init-param>
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????????<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
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????????<param-value>/WEB-INF/spring-servlet.xml</param-value>? 默认
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????</init-param>
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????-->
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????<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
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</servlet>
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?
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<servlet-mapping>
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????<servlet-name>spring</servlet-name>
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????<url-pattern>*.do</url-pattern>
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</servlet-mapping>
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???
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?
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?
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<!-- Spring配置 -->
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<!-- ====================================== -->
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<listener>
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????<listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
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</listener>
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???
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?
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<!-- 指定Spring Bean的配置文件所在目录。默认配置在WEB-INF目录下 -->
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<context-param>
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????<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
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????<param-value>classpath:config/applicationContext.xml</param-value>
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</context-param>
3. spring-servlet.xml配置
spring-servlet这个名字是因为上面web.xml中<servlet-name>标签配的值为 spring(<servlet-name>spring</servlet-name>),再加上“-servlet”后缀而 形成的spring-servlet.xml文件名,如果改为springMVC,对应的文件名则为springMVC-servlet.xml。
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"????
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???????xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"????
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????????xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"????
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???xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd??
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???????http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-3.0.xsd??
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???????http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-3.0.xsd??
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???????http://www.springframework.org/schema/context <a href="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd">http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd</a>">
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?
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????<!-- 启用spring mvc 注解 -->
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????<context:annotation-config />
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????<!-- 设置使用注解的类所在的jar包 -->
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????<context:component-scan base-package="controller"></context:component-scan>
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????<!-- 完成请求和注解POJO的映射 -->
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????<bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter" />
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?
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????<!-- 对转向页面的路径解析。prefix:前缀, suffix:后缀 -->
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????<bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver" p:prefix="/jsp/" p:suffix=".jsp" />
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</beans>
4. applicationContext.xml配置
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
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????????xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
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????????xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
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????????xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
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????????xsi:schemaLocation="
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????????????http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd
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????????????http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-2.5.xsd
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????????????http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-2.5.xsd">
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?
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????<!-- 采用hibernate.cfg.xml方式配置数据源 -->
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????<bean id="sessionFactory" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.LocalSessionFactoryBean">
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????????<property name="configLocation">
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????????????<value>classpath:config/hibernate.cfg.xml</value>
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????????</property>
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????</bean>
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?????
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????<!-- 将事务与Hibernate关联 -->
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????<bean id="transactionManager" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.HibernateTransactionManager">
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????????<property name="sessionFactory">
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????????????<ref local="sessionFactory"/>
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????????</property>
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????</bean>
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?????
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????<!-- 事务(注解 )-->
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????<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager" proxy-target-class="true"/>
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?
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???<!-- 测试Service -->
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???<bean id="loginService" class="service.LoginService"></bean>
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?
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????<!-- 测试Dao -->
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????<bean id="hibernateDao" class="dao.HibernateDao">
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????????<property name="sessionFactory" ref="sessionFactory"></property>
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????</bean>
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</beans>
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二、详解
Spring MVC与Struts从原理上很相似(都是基于MVC架构),都有一个控制页面请求的Servlet,处理完后跳转页面。看如下代码(注解):
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package controller;
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import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
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import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
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import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
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import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
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?
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import entity.User;
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@Controller? //类似Struts的Action
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public class TestController {
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?
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????@RequestMapping("test/login.do")? // 请求url地址映射,类似Struts的action-mapping
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????public String testLogin(@RequestParam(value="username")String username, String password, HttpServletRequest request) {
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????????// @RequestParam是指请求url地址映射中必须含有的参数(除非属性required=false)
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????????// @RequestParam可简写为:@RequestParam("username")
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?
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????????if (!"admin".equals(username) || !"admin".equals(password)) {
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????????????return "loginError"; // 跳转页面路径(默认为转发),该路径不需要包含spring-servlet配置文件中配置的前缀和后缀
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????????}
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????????return "loginSuccess";
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????}
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????@RequestMapping("/test/login2.do")
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????public ModelAndView testLogin2(String username, String password, int age){
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????????// request和response不必非要出现在方法中,如果用不上的话可以去掉
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????????// 参数的名称是与页面控件的name相匹配,参数类型会自动被转换
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?????????
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????????if (!"admin".equals(username) || !"admin".equals(password) || age < 5) {
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????????????return new ModelAndView("loginError"); // 手动实例化ModelAndView完成跳转页面(转发),效果等同于上面的方法返回字符串
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????????}
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????????return new ModelAndView(new RedirectView("../index.jsp"));? // 采用重定向方式跳转页面
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????????// 重定向还有一种简单写法
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????????// return new ModelAndView("redirect:../index.jsp");
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????}
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????@RequestMapping("/test/login3.do")
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????public ModelAndView testLogin3(User user) {
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????????// 同样支持参数为表单对象,类似于Struts的ActionForm,User不需要任何配置,直接写即可
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????????String username = user.getUsername();
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????????String password = user.getPassword();
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????????int age = user.getAge();
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?????????
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????????if (!"admin".equals(username) || !"admin".equals(password) || age < 5) {
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????????????return new ModelAndView("loginError");
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????????}
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????????return new ModelAndView("loginSuccess");
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????}
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????@Resource(name = "loginService")? // 获取applicationContext.xml中bean的id为loginService的,并注入
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????private LoginService loginService;? //等价于spring传统注入方式写get和set方法,这样的好处是简洁工整,省去了不必要得代码
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?
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????@RequestMapping("/test/login4.do")
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????public String testLogin4(User user) {
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????????if (loginService.login(user) == false) {
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????????????return "loginError";
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????????}
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????????return "loginSuccess";
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????}
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}
以上4个方法示例,是一个Controller里含有不同的请求url,也可以采用一个url访问,通过url参数来区分访问不同的方法,代码如下:
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package controller;
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import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
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import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
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import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
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?
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@Controller
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@RequestMapping("/test2/login.do")? // 指定唯一一个*.do请求关联到该Controller
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public class TestController2 {
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?????
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????@RequestMapping
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????public String testLogin(String username, String password, int age) {
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????????// 如果不加任何参数,则在请求/test2/login.do时,便默认执行该方法
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?????????
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????????if (!"admin".equals(username) || !"admin".equals(password) || age < 5) {
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????????????return "loginError";
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????????}
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????????return "loginSuccess";
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????}
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????@RequestMapping(params = "method=1", method=RequestMethod.POST)
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????public String testLogin2(String username, String password) {
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????????// 依据params的参数method的值来区分不同的调用方法
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????????// 可以指定页面请求方式的类型,默认为get请求
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?????????
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????????if (!"admin".equals(username) || !"admin".equals(password)) {
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????????????return "loginError";
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????????}
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????????return "loginSuccess";
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????}
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?????
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????@RequestMapping(params = "method=2")
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????public String testLogin3(String username, String password, int age) {
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????????if (!"admin".equals(username) || !"admin".equals(password) || age < 5) {
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????????????return "loginError";
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????????}
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????????return "loginSuccess";
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????}
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}
其实RequestMapping在Class上,可看做是父Request请求url,而RequestMapping在方法上的可看做是子 Request请求url,父子请求url最终会拼起来与页面请求url进行匹配,因此RequestMapping也可以这么写:
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package controller;
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import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
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import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
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@Controller
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@RequestMapping("/test3/*")? // 父request请求url
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public class TestController3 {
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????@RequestMapping("login.do")? // 子request请求url,拼接后等价于/test3/login.do
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????public String testLogin(String username, String password, int age) {
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????????if (!"admin".equals(username) || !"admin".equals(password) || age < 5) {
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????????????return "loginError";
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????????}
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????????return "loginSuccess";
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????}
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}
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三、结束语
掌握以上这些Spring MVC就已经有了很好的基础了,几乎可应对与任何开发,在熟练掌握这些后,便可更深层次的灵活运用的技术,如多种视图技术,例如 Jsp、Velocity、Tiles、iText 和 POI。Spring MVC框架并不知道使用的视图,所以不会强迫您只使用 JSP 技术。
转自:http://blog.csdn.net/wangpeng047/article/details/6983027